tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-78258182395706878442024-03-21T02:58:54.780-07:00WHOLE NUMBERPRIMARY SCHOOLuanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02647194478127540414noreply@blogger.comBlogger9125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7825818239570687844.post-4441523654346354142011-12-04T06:25:00.003-08:002011-12-04T06:27:17.826-08:00Operasi<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;">Biasanya operasi tolak diajar mengikut turutan daripada tolak tanpa mengumpul semula kepada tolak dengan mengumpul semula. Sebelum mempelajari operasi tolak dengan mengumpul semula, murid perlu mahir kemahiran yang berikut:</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><br />
<ul><li><span style="font-size: 12pt;">fakta asas bagi tolak</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">menolak nombor yang sama nilai tempatnya</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;">nilai tempat bagi angka</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></li>
<li><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">menulis nombor dalam bentuk tambah menggikut nilai tempat dan seterusnya menulis nombor berkenaan dalam bentuk yang lain. </span></li>
</ul></div>uanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02647194478127540414noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7825818239570687844.post-16280950350920696842011-12-04T06:24:00.000-08:002011-12-04T06:24:32.779-08:00Fakta Asas<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fakta asas tolak ialah ayat matematik bagi penolakan nombor 1 digit daripada nombor 1 digit atau 2 digit dan hasilnya nombor satu digit. Terdapat dua kaedah untuk memperkenalkan fakta asas tolak iaitu mengekalkan bilangan unsur yang dikeluarkan dan mengekalkan bilangan unsur dalam set asal.</span></div>uanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02647194478127540414noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7825818239570687844.post-81869741336827612011-12-04T06:22:00.000-08:002011-12-04T06:22:58.804-08:00Konsep Tolak<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.8pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;">Konsep penolakan dapat difahami melalui beberapa pendekatan iaitu pengasingan atau mengabil jalan keluar, perbandingan, pelengkap dan penyekatan. Pengasingan atau mengambil jalan keluar - daripada satu set objek, satu subset dikeluarkan.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;">Contohnya:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;"> Terdapat 8 buah buku di atas meja. Sebanyak 4 buku dimasukkan ke dalam beg. Berapa buah buku lagikah yang tinggal di atas meja tersebut?</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;">Perbandingan - dua set objek berasingan diberi. Set objek pertama disusun semula dan dipadankandengan set objek kedua. Set objek yang tidak ada pasangan dikenali sebagai baki atau beza. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;">Contohnya:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;"> Terdapat 8 biji gula-gula dan 5 potong kek. Berapakah bilangan gula-gula melebihi bilangan kek?</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;">Pelengkap – bermula dengan satu set objek, kemudian fikirkan berapa lagi perlu ditambah untuk melengkapkan set keseluruhan.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;">Contohnya: </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;"> Saya ada 6 ekor kuda di dalam sebuah kandang yang boleh memuatkan 10 ekor kuda. Berapa ekor kudakah yang boleh saya masukkan lagi ke dalam kandang itu?</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;">Penyekatan – dalam konsep ini, ahli sesuatu set objek perlu diubahsuai kedudukannya untuk menepati sesuatu syarat. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;">Contohnya:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;"> Terdapat 7 buah kereta di sebuah tempat letak kereta. 2 buah kereta berwarna biru dan dan yang lain berwarna merah. Berapa buah keretakah yang berwarna merah?</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>uanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02647194478127540414noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7825818239570687844.post-18688137711847693192011-12-04T06:19:00.001-08:002011-12-04T06:29:23.749-08:00Operasi Tolak<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Operasi tolak biasanya diajar selepas operasi tambah. Operasi tambah melibatkan penggabungan atau penyatuan dua set objek, sedangkan operasi tolak pula berhubung dengan pengasingan atau pengurangan sesuatu set objek kepada set-set kecil. Dengan kata lain operasi tolak merupakan proses menterbalikkan operasi tambah. Kemahiran yang diajar pada peringkat ini adalah menulis ayat matematik, melengkapkan ayat matematik, menolak secara spontan fakta asas tolak, menulis hitungan tolak dalam bentuk lazim dan penyelesaian masalah berkaitan penolakan.</span></div>uanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02647194478127540414noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7825818239570687844.post-66241878690287655422011-11-21T01:41:00.000-08:002011-12-04T01:29:56.312-08:00Kenapa Salah?<div style="color: #20124d; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Kebanyakan murid masih lagi gagal menolak dengan mengumpul semula. Mengapa?</div><div style="color: #20124d; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Bila dikaji....rata-rata murid-murid ini:<span lang="FI" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br />
<br />
<ol style="color: #20124d;"><li><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">tidak faham konsep tolak yang mana nombor besar tolak nombor yang kecil</span></li>
<li><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Murid tidak mempunyai pengetahuan dan idea bagaimana untuk menolak yang memerlukan proses pinjaman daripada rumah yang terhampir.</span></li>
<li><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Murid tidak memahami menolak nombor 2 digit dengan 1 digit secara congak </span></li>
</ol></div>uanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02647194478127540414noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7825818239570687844.post-31067672087772297542011-11-14T19:05:00.000-08:002011-11-17T06:26:41.459-08:00Pembilang EQ<div style="color: #20124d;">Pembilang EQ (Rujuk Rajah 1) untuk mencari hasil tolak dengan mengumpul semula</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheOoxUc6kGqEy6VIbty-0f4em37xe7JNxdfF4S06U8Fxw-K-l2s7fysGeCorMS40lPj2ry4C1oYtv_6bUu30-YwgN1Qehv8mIarmXLmHF5-dllitqexKeHHH4XoK3Ku5WjtEl9HY3ttGE/s1600/eq.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheOoxUc6kGqEy6VIbty-0f4em37xe7JNxdfF4S06U8Fxw-K-l2s7fysGeCorMS40lPj2ry4C1oYtv_6bUu30-YwgN1Qehv8mIarmXLmHF5-dllitqexKeHHH4XoK3Ku5WjtEl9HY3ttGE/s320/eq.jpg" width="307" /></a></div>uanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02647194478127540414noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7825818239570687844.post-13996740845525099822011-11-01T06:09:00.000-07:002011-11-01T06:35:26.378-07:00How to Subtract in Excel Using a Subtraction Formula in Excel By Ted French, About.com Guide<h3 style="color: #20124d;">Subtracting Numbers in Excel</h3><div style="color: #20124d;"></div><div style="color: #20124d;">Related tutorial: <a href="http://spreadsheets.about.com/od/excelsdatefunctions/tp/090729-subtract-dates-in-excel-hub.htm">Subtract Dates in Excel</a>. </div><div style="color: #20124d;"></div><div style="color: #20124d;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHDk62sWUyHkmqbme3WKF-66Xb17AJbwmO9MQ32amzpDjvY9nrmO1Dfp6Y81rsBXkMOPhOnBTPnLbK2hhXTgkuZNo03m7zEOrvNuqSWwRPYfIUl_qFPFJc7C6XpATRIddNHqVN-jxnnt4/s1600/xcell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHDk62sWUyHkmqbme3WKF-66Xb17AJbwmO9MQ32amzpDjvY9nrmO1Dfp6Y81rsBXkMOPhOnBTPnLbK2hhXTgkuZNo03m7zEOrvNuqSWwRPYfIUl_qFPFJc7C6XpATRIddNHqVN-jxnnt4/s1600/xcell.jpg" /></a>To subtract two or more numbers in Excel you need to create a <a href="http://spreadsheets.about.com/od/f/g/formula_defined.htm">formula</a>.</div><div style="color: #20124d;"></div><div style="color: #20124d;">Two important points to remember about Excel formulas: </div><ol style="color: #20124d;"><li> Formulas in Excel always begin with the equal sign <br />
( <b>=</b> ).</li>
<li> The equal sign is always typed into the <a href="http://spreadsheets.about.com/od/f/g/formula_defined.htm">cell</a> where you want the answer to appear.</li>
</ol><div style="color: #20124d;"></div><h3 style="color: #20124d;">Use Cell References in Formulas</h3><div style="color: #20124d;"></div><div style="color: #20124d;">Even though you can use numbers directly in a formula, it is much better to use the <a href="http://spreadsheets.about.com/od/c/g/cell_ref_def.htm">cell references</a> of the numbers you want to subtract. </div><div style="color: #20124d;"></div><div style="color: #20124d;">If you use the cell references rather than the actual <a href="http://spreadsheets.about.com/od/d/g/data_definition.htm">data</a>, later, if you need to change the data in either cell, the results of the formula will update automatically without you having to rewrite the formula. </div><div style="color: #20124d;"><br />
</div><h3 style="color: #20124d;">Setting Up the Subtraction Formula</h3><div style="color: #20124d;"></div><div style="color: #20124d;">As an example, let's create a formula in cell E3 that will subtract the contents of cell E2 from cell E1. </div><div style="color: #20124d;">For help with these instructions, see the image above. </div><div style="color: #20124d;">Our formula: </div><blockquote class="no" style="color: #20124d;"><b> = E1 - E2</b></blockquote><div style="color: #20124d;"></div><div style="color: #073763;">Our data: </div><ul style="color: #073763;"><li>type the number <b>20 </b> in cell E1 and press the ENTER key on the keyboard. </li>
<li>type the number <b>10 </b> in cell E2 and press the ENTER key on the keyboard.</li>
</ul><div style="color: #20124d;"></div><h3 style="color: #20124d;">Formula Steps</h3><div style="color: #20124d;"></div><div style="color: #20124d;">To subtract 10 from 20 and have the answer appear in cell E3: </div><ol style="color: #20124d;"><li>Click on cell E3 with the mouse pointer to make it the <a href="http://spreadsheets.about.com/od/a/g/active_cell.htm">active cell</a>.</li>
<li>Type the equal sign ( <b>= </b>) in cell E3 to begin the formula.</li>
<li>Click on cell E1 with the mouse pointer to add that cell reference to the formula after the equal sign.</li>
<li>Type a minus sign ( <b>- </b>) in cell E3 after the cell reference E1.</li>
<li>Click on cell E2 with the mouse pointer to add that cell reference to the formula after the minus sign.</li>
<li>Press the ENTER key on the keyboard.</li>
<li>The answer 10 should be present in cell E3.</li>
<li>Even though you see the answer in cell E3, if you click on that cell you will see our formula in the <a href="http://spreadsheets.about.com/od/f/g/Formula_bar_def.htm">formula bar</a> above the work area.</li>
<li>To test the value of using cell references in a formula, change the number in cell E2 from 10 to 5 and press the ENTER key on the keyboard.</li>
<li>The answer in cell E3 should automatically update to 15 to reflect the change in data in cell E2.</li>
</ol><div style="color: #20124d;"></div><div style="color: #20124d;">To expand your formula to include additional operations - such as addition, multiplication, or more subtractions - just continue to add the correct <a href="http://spreadsheets.about.com/od/excelformulas/ss/formula_begin_5.htm">mathematical operator</a> followed by the cell reference containing your data. </div><div style="color: #20124d;"><b>Note:</b> Before you mix different mathematical operations, be sure you understand the <a href="http://spreadsheets.about.com/od/no/g/order_of_op_def.htm">order of operations</a> that Excel follows when evaluating a formula. </div><div style="color: #20124d;"><br />
</div>uanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02647194478127540414noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7825818239570687844.post-40894210065860579252011-11-01T05:52:00.000-07:002011-11-01T05:58:22.658-07:00Did You Know?<div style="color: #20124d;">The <b>plus and minus signs</b> (<b>+</b> and <b>−</b>) are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_symbol" title="Mathematical symbol">mathematical symbols</a> used to represent the notions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_%28mathematics%29" title="Sign (mathematics)">positive and negative</a> as well as the operations of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition" title="Addition">addition</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtraction" title="Subtraction">subtraction</a>. Their use has been extended to many other meanings, more or less analogous. <b>Plus</b> and <b>minus</b> are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> terms meaning "more" and "less", respectively.</div><div style="color: #20124d;"><br />
</div><div style="color: #20124d;">Though the signs now seem as familiar as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> or the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu-Arabic_numerals" title="Hindu-Arabic numerals">Hindu-Arabic numerals</a>, they are not of great antiquity. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyph" title="Egyptian hieroglyph">Egyptian hieroglyphic</a> sign for addition, for example, resembled a pair of legs walking in the direction in which the text was written (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> could be written either from right to left or left to right), with the reverse sign indicating subtraction:<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2008">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div><table align="center" style="color: #20124d;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="mw-hierotable" dir="ltr" style="display: inline;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td align="center" valign="middle"><img alt="D54" height="18px" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D54.png" style="margin: 1px;" title="D54" /></td> <td align="center" valign="middle">or</td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><img alt="D55" height="18px" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D55.png" style="margin: 1px;" title="D55" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="color: #20124d;">In Europe in the early 15th century the letters "P" and "M" were generally used.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs#cite_note-0"></a></sup> The symbols (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_with_stroke" title="P with stroke">P with stroke</a> for piu, i.e., plus, and M with stroke for meno, i.e., minus) appeared for the first time in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a>’s mathematics compendium, <i>Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalità</i>, first printed and published in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> in 1494.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs#cite_note-1"></a></sup> The <b>+</b> is a simplification of the Latin "et" (comparable to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampersand" title="Ampersand">ampersand</a> <b>&</b>).<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <b>−</b> may be derived from a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> written over <b>m</b> when used to indicate subtraction; or it may come from a shorthand version of the letter m itself.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2008">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In his 1489 treatise <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Widmann" title="Johannes Widmann">Johannes Widmann</a> referred to the symbols − and + as <i>minus</i> and <i>mer</i> (Modern German <i>mehr</i>; "more"): "das − ist, das ist minus, und das + ist das mer".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OED_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs#cite_note-OED-2"></a></sup></div><div style="color: #20124d;">A book published by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_Grammateus" title="Henricus Grammateus">Henricus Grammateus</a> in 1518 makes another early use of + and − for addition and subtraction.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs#cite_note-3"></a></sup></div><div style="color: #20124d;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde">Robert Recorde</a>, the designer of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equals_sign" title="Equals sign">equals sign</a>, introduced plus and minus to Britain in 1557 in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Whetstone_of_Witte" title="The Whetstone of Witte">The Whetstone of Witte</a></i>:<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2008">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> "There be other 2 signes in often use of which the first is made thus + and betokeneth more: the other is thus made – and betokeneth lesse."</div><div style="color: #20124d;"><br />
</div><h2 style="color: #20124d;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Minus_sign">Minus sign</span></h2><div style="color: #20124d;">The minus sign has three main uses in mathematics:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs#cite_note-4"></a></sup></div><ol style="color: #20124d;"><li>The subtraction operator: A binary operator to indicate the operation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtraction" title="Subtraction">subtraction</a>, as in 5 − 3 = 2. Subtraction is the inverse of addition.</li>
<li>Directly in front of a number and when it is not a subtraction operator it means a negative number. For instance −5 is minus 5.</li>
<li>A unary operator that acts as an instruction to replace the operand by its opposite. For example, if <i>x</i> is 3, then −<i>x</i> is −3, but if <i>x</i> is −3, then −<i>x</i> is 3. Similarly, −(−2) is equal to 2.</li>
</ol><div style="color: #20124d;">All three uses can be referred to as "minus" in everyday speech. In modern US usage, −5 (for example) is normally pronounced "negative five" rather than "minus five". "minus" may be used by speakers born before 1950, and is still popular in some contexts, but "negative" is usually taught as the only correct reading.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs#cite_note-5"></a></sup> In most other parts of the English-speaking world, "minus five" is more common. Textbooks in America encourage −<i>x</i> to be read as "the opposite of <i>x</i>" or even "the additive inverse of <i>x</i>" to avoid giving the impression that −<i>x</i> is necessarily negative.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs#cite_note-6"></a></sup></div><div style="color: #20124d;">In some contexts, different glyphs are used for these meanings; for instance in the computer language <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_%28programming_language%29" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a> a raised minus sign is used in negative numbers (as in 2 − 5 gives <sup>−</sup>3), but such usage is rare.</div><div style="color: #20124d;">In mathematics and most programming languages, the rules for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations" title="Order of operations">order of operations</a> mean that −5<sup>2</sup> is equal to −25. Powers bind more strongly than multiplication or division which binds more strongly than addition or subtraction. While strictly speaking, the unary minus is not subtraction, it is given the same place as subtraction. However in some programming languages and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Excel</a> in particular, unary operators bind strongest, so in these −5^2 is 25 but 0−5^2 is −25.</div><div style="color: #20124d;"><br />
</div><h2 style="color: #20124d;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_uses">Other uses</span></h2><div style="color: #20124d;">In chemistry, the minus sign (rather than an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_dash" title="En dash">en dash</a>) is used for a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">single covalent bond</a> between two atoms, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_formula" title="Skeletal formula">skeletal formula</a>.</div><div style="color: #20124d;">Subscripted plus and minus signs are used as diacritics in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> to indicate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_articulation" title="Relative articulation">advanced or retracted articulations</a> of speech sounds.</div><div style="color: #20124d;">The minus sign is also used as tone letter in the orthographies of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_language" title="Dan language">Dan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krumen_language" title="Krumen language">Krumen</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaboro_languages" title="Karaboro languages">Karaboro</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwan_language" title="Mwan language">Mwan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wan_language" title="Wan language">Wan</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yaour%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Yaouré (page does not exist)">Yaouré</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A8_language" title="Wè language">Wè</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyabwa_language" title="Nyabwa language">Nyabwa</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godie_language" title="Godie language">Godié</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs#cite_note-9"> </a></sup>The Unicode character used for the tone letter (U+02D7) is different from the mathematical minus sign.</div><br />
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<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs#cite_note-7"></a></sup>uanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02647194478127540414noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7825818239570687844.post-71705788615679425992011-10-18T07:37:00.001-07:002011-10-18T07:37:46.569-07:00Theoryuanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02647194478127540414noreply@blogger.com0